Autonomy vs. shame and doubt is the second of Erik Erikson’s eight psychosocial stages, running from about 18 months to 3 years old. If caregivers encourage a toddler’s new independence while tolerating... Read more »
Kate’s last phone conversation with her brother ended badly—he essentially said, “We’re done,” and hung up. She’s unsure whether to call him back or assume he is again in just one of... Read more »